Primer registro documentado de depredación y carroñeo sobre pichones de Pingüino Patagónico (Spheniscus magellanicus) al norte de su distribución reproductiva (Parque Nacional Islote lobos, Río Negro, Argentina)

Victoria M. Pizá; Patricio J. Pereyra; Esteban Tazzioli; Raúl González; Juan Pablo Seco Pon

doi:10.56178/na.v71i.1187

Articles Published 16 June 2026 https://doi.org/10.56178/na.v71i.1187

First documented record of predation and scavengering on Magellanic Penguin chicks (Spheniscus magellanicus) north of their reproductive distribution (Islote Lobos National Park, Río Negro, Argentina)

breeding colonies natural predator Patagonia predation protected area seabirds

Victoria M. Pizá Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni (CIMAS) – CONICET. Güemes 1030, R8520CXV, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina

Patricio J. Pereyra Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni (CIMAS) – CONICET. Güemes 1030, R8520CXV, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina

Esteban Tazzioli Parque Nacional Islote Lobos (PNIL), Administración de Parques Nacionales (APN). Choique 290, R8532, Playas Doradas, Río Negro, Argentina

Raúl González Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni (CIMAS) – CONICET. Güemes 1030, R8520CXV, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina | Facultad de Ciencias Marinas (FACIMAR), Universidad Nacional del Comahue (UNCo). San Martín 247, R8520CXV, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina

Juan Pablo Seco Pon Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (FCEyN, UNMdP) – CONICET. Av. Juan B Justo 2550, B7608FBY, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Abstract

This note documents for the first time two trophic interactions in an island colony of Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) located on La Pastosa Islet (Islote Lobos National Park, Río Negro Province), established north of the species’ breeding range in Argentine Patagonia. The opportunistic observation confirmed that the Pampas Gray Fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), a terrestrial mammal with high dietary plasticity, acted as a predator by capturing and killing a penguin chick in a shallow nest. Subsequently, a group of Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus) was recorded scavenging the carcass. This report expands our knowledge of the ecological roles of these species in the Patagonian marine-coastal system, confirming Pampas Gray Fox as a predator and Black Vulture as a scavenger of Magellanic Penguin at this latitude. It is suggested to carry out systematic surveys for the detection of predators and scavengers of eggs, chicks and adult specimens of Magellanic Penguins in the study area, through direct observation and/or camera traps, analysis of faeces and pellets, to establish the relationship between abundance, frequency and type of interaction (predation, scavenging, mutualism) and interacting species.

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References

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Bellinato F, Bogliani G (1995) Colonial breeding imposes increased predation: experimental studies with herons. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 7(4): 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1995.9522942
Benkwitt CE, Carr P, Wilson SK, Graham NA (2022) Seabird diversity and biomass enhance cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 289(1974): 20220195. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0195
Binghan M (2020) The effects of commercial fishing, tourism, and climate change on Magellanic Penguin populations in Chile, Argentina and the Falkland Islands. International Journal of Development Research 10(8): 39115–39120. https://doi.org/10.37118/ijdr.19482.08.2020
Birochio D (2008) Ecología trófica de Lycalopex gymnocercus en la región pampeana: un acercamiento inferencial al uso de los recursos. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca
Boersma PD, García Borboroglu P, Frere E, Godoy Reyes C, Kane O, Pozzi LM, Pütz K, Raya Rey A, Rebstock GA, Simeone A, Smith J, Van Buren A, Yorio P (2015) Pingüino de Magallanes (Spheniscus magellanicus). En: Boersma PD, García Borboroglu P (eds) Pingüinos: historial natural y conservación. Vazquez Mazzini Editores, Buenos Aires, pp 253–285
Bossi MAS, Migliorini RP, Santos TG, Kasper CB (2019) Comparative trophic ecology of two sympatric canids in the Brazilian Pampa. Journal of Zoology 307: 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12636
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Ciancio JE, Travaini A, Frere E (2024) Consequences of terrestrial top predator control by Patagonian sheep farmers for coastal marine food webs. Journal for Nature Conservation 82: 126747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126747
Conway WG (1971) Predation on Penguins at Punta Tombo. Animal Kingdom 74:2–8
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Farias AA, Kittlein MJ (2007) Small-scale spatial variability in the diet of pampas foxes (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) and human induced changes in prey base. Ecological Research 23(3): 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-007-0407-7
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Gochfeld M (1980) Timing of breeding and chick mortality in central and peripheral nests of Magellanic Penguins. Auk 97(1): 191–193. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4085820
Lima SL (2009) Predators and the breeding bird: behavioral and reproductive flexibility under the risk of predation. Biological Reviews 84(3): 485–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00085.x
Lindeboom HJ (1984) The nitrogen pathway in a penguin rookery. Ecology 65(1): 269–277. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939479
Lucherini M, Luengos Vidal EM (2008) Lycalopex gymnocercus (Carnivora: canidae). Mammalian Species 820: 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/820.1
Luengos Vidal EM (2009) Organización espacial de Pseudalopex gymnocercus en los pastizales pampeanos. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca
Luengos Vidal E, Farías A, Valenzuela AEJ, Caruso N (2019) Lycalopex gymnocercus. En: SAyDS–SAREM (eds) Categorización 2019 de los mamíferos de Argentina según su riesgo de extinción. Lista Roja de los mamíferos de Argentina. https://cma.sarem.org.ar/index.php/es/especie-nativa/lycalopex-gymnocercus. Accedido el 21/10/2025
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How to cite

Victoria M. Pizá, Patricio J. Pereyra, Esteban Tazzioli, Raúl González, Juan Pablo Seco Pon (2026). First documented record of predation and scavengering on Magellanic Penguin chicks (Spheniscus magellanicus) north of their reproductive distribution (Islote Lobos National Park, Río Negro, Argentina). Nuestras Aves, Vol. 71 (2026). https://doi.org/10.56178/na.v71i.1187

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[1] Alves TM (2015) Diet and feeding ecology of the Antarctic skua in New Island, Falkland Island. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa

[2] Balza U, Lois NA, Polito MJ, Pütz K, Salom A, Raya Rey A (2020) The dynamic trophic niche of an Island bird of prey. Ecology and Evolution 10(21): 12264–12276. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6856

[3] Bellinato F, Bogliani G (1995) Colonial breeding imposes increased predation: experimental studies with herons. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 7(4): 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1995.9522942

[4] Benkwitt CE, Carr P, Wilson SK, Graham NA (2022) Seabird diversity and biomass enhance cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 289(1974): 20220195. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0195

[5] Binghan M (2020) The effects of commercial fishing, tourism, and climate change on Magellanic Penguin populations in Chile, Argentina and the Falkland Islands. International Journal of Development Research 10(8): 39115–39120. https://doi.org/10.37118/ijdr.19482.08.2020

[6] Birochio D (2008) Ecología trófica de Lycalopex gymnocercus en la región pampeana: un acercamiento inferencial al uso de los recursos. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca

[7] Boersma PD, García Borboroglu P, Frere E, Godoy Reyes C, Kane O, Pozzi LM, Pütz K, Raya Rey A, Rebstock GA, Simeone A, Smith J, Van Buren A, Yorio P (2015) Pingüino de Magallanes (Spheniscus magellanicus). En: Boersma PD, García Borboroglu P (eds) Pingüinos: historial natural y conservación. Vazquez Mazzini Editores, Buenos Aires, pp 253–285

[8] Bossi MAS, Migliorini RP, Santos TG, Kasper CB (2019) Comparative trophic ecology of two sympatric canids in the Brazilian Pampa. Journal of Zoology 307: 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12636

[9] Burger J (1984) Grebes nesting in gull colonies: protective associations and early warning. The American Naturalist 123(3): 327–337. https://doi.org/10.1086/284207

[10] Canevari M, Vaccaro O (2007) Guía de mamíferos del sur de América del Sur. LOLA, Buenos Aires

[11] Caruso N, Lucherini M, Fortin D, Casanave EB (2016) Species-Specific Responses of Carnivores to Human-Induced Landscape Changes in Central Argentina. PLOS ONE 11(3): e0150488. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150488

[12] Castello HP, Crespo E, Erize F, Costa MG, Chebez J, Dunn M (1982) Estudio de preservación y manejo de los recursos faunísticos de la costa atlántica de la provincia de Río Negro con fines turísticos. Río Negro, Argentina, pp 81

[13] Castillo D (2002) Composición y variación estacional de la dieta del zorro pampeano, (Pseudalopex gymnocercus), en el Parque Provincial Ernesto Tornquist. Tesis de Grado. Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca

[14] Catry P, Lecoq M, Strange IJ (2008) Population growth and density, diet, and breeding success of striated Caracaras Phalcoboenus australis on new island, Falkland Islands. Polar Biology 31(10): 1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-008-0454-8

[15] Ciancio JE, Travaini A, Frere E (2024) Consequences of terrestrial top predator control by Patagonian sheep farmers for coastal marine food webs. Journal for Nature Conservation 82: 126747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126747

[16] Conway WG (1971) Predation on Penguins at Punta Tombo. Animal Kingdom 74:2–8

[17] Copello S, Quintana F, Pérez F (2008) Diet of the Southern giant petrel in patagonia: fishery-related items and natural prey. Endanger Species Research 6(1): 15–23. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00118

[18] Díaz MM, Lucherini M (2006) Familia Canidae. En: Bárquez RM, Díaz MM, Ojeda RA (eds) Mamíferos de Argentina: sistemática y distribución. Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos, Mendoza, pp 89–93

[19] De Lucca ER, Bertini M, Ferrada J (2022) Reproducción del jote cabeza colorada (Cathartes aura) y jote cabeza negra (Coragyps atratus) en el Golfo San Matías, Río Negro, Patagonia Argentina. Nótulas Faunísticas 334: 1–11

[20] Entringer Jr H, Udrizar Sauthier DE, Srbek-Araujo AC, Blanco GS (2025) Magellanic Penguin colonies: detriments and benefits of predators and scavengers. Marine Biology 172(9): 148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-025-04701-9

[21] Farias AA, Kittlein MJ (2007) Small-scale spatial variability in the diet of pampas foxes (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) and human induced changes in prey base. Ecological Research 23(3): 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-007-0407-7

[22] Frere E (1993) Ecología reproductiva del pingüino de Magallanes (Spheniscus magellanicus) en la colonia de Cabo Vírgenes. Tesis de Grado. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires

[23] Frere E, Gandini P, Boersma D (1992) Effects of nest type and location on reproductive success of the Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus. Marine Ornithology 20: 1–6. http://doi.org/10.5038/2074-1235.20.-1.278

[24] Frere E, Millones A, Morgenthaler A, Travaini A, Gandini P (2010) High predation rates by pumas on Magellanic Penguin adults: new conflicts in coastal protected areas in Argentina. En: 1st World Seabird Conference (eds) Poster Session 2 Abstracts 2010. Victoria, Canada, pp 48. https://worldseabirdunion.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/1st-WSC-Poster-Session-2.pdf

[25] Gandini P, Frere E, Boersma PD (1996) Status and conservation of Magellanic Penguins Spheniscus magellanicus in patagonia, Argentina. Bird Conservation International 6(4): 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270900001787

[26] García Borboroglu P, Pozzi LM, Parma AM, Dell’Arciprete P, Yorio P (2022) Population distribution shifts of Magellanic Penguins in northern Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for conservation and management strategies. Ocean & Coastal Management 226: 106259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106259

[27] Gochfeld M (1980) Timing of breeding and chick mortality in central and peripheral nests of Magellanic Penguins. Auk 97(1): 191–193. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4085820

[28] Lima SL (2009) Predators and the breeding bird: behavioral and reproductive flexibility under the risk of predation. Biological Reviews 84(3): 485–513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00085.x

[29] Lindeboom HJ (1984) The nitrogen pathway in a penguin rookery. Ecology 65(1): 269–277. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939479

[30] Lucherini M, Luengos Vidal EM (2008) Lycalopex gymnocercus (Carnivora: canidae). Mammalian Species 820: 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/820.1

[31] Luengos Vidal EM (2009) Organización espacial de Pseudalopex gymnocercus en los pastizales pampeanos. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca

[32] Luengos Vidal E, Farías A, Valenzuela AEJ, Caruso N (2019) Lycalopex gymnocercus. En: SAyDS–SAREM (eds) Categorización 2019 de los mamíferos de Argentina según su riesgo de extinción. Lista Roja de los mamíferos de Argentina. https://cma.sarem.org.ar/index.php/es/especie-nativa/lycalopex-gymnocercus. Accedido el 21/10/2025

[33] Medel R, Jaksik F (1988) Ecología de los cánidos sudamericanos: una revisión. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 61(1): 67–79

[34] Morgenthaler A, Millones A, Frere E, Barrionuevo M, De San Pedro ME, Procopio D (2022) Ataques de perros urbanos a pingüinos de Magallanes en un área protegida. El Hornero 37(2): 207–215. https://doi.org/10.56178/eh.v37i2.411

[35] Otero XL, De La Peña-Lastra S, Pérez-Alberti A, Ferreira TO, Huerta-Diaz MA (2018) Seabird colonies as important global drivers in the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Nature communications 9(1): 246. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02446-8

[36] Reyes LM, García Borboroglu P (2019) Plan de Manejo del Área Natural Protegida Complejo Islote Lobos. Rio Negro, Argentina, pp 171

[37] Rodríguez (1983) Estructura de la jerarquización en la predación de huevos y pichones en Spheniscus magellanicus. Doñana Acta Vertebrata 10:210–212

[38] Santo Domingo AD, Caruso NC, Guerisoli M, Lucherini M, Luengos Vidal EM (2021) Limited influence of hunting on the activity patterns and habitat use of Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) in agroecosystems of central Argentina. Behavioural Processes 192: 104476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104476

[39] Scolaro JA (1979) El Pingüino de Magallanes (Spheniscus magellanicus). I. Evaluación y estratificación de densidades de su población en Punta Tombo, Chubut, Argentina. Revista Del Museo Argentino De Ciencias Naturales Bernardo Rivadavia E Instituto Nacional De Investigación De Las Ciencias Naturales 2(4): 89–102

[40] Scolaro JA (1980) El pingüino de Magallanes (Spheniscus magellanicus) VI. Dinámica de la población de juveniles. Historia Natural 1(25): 173–176

[41] Scolaro JA (1985) Vertebrate species associated to breeding sites in a colony of Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) (Aves: Spheniscidae). Historia Natural 5: 23–24

[42] Scolaro JA (1990) Effects of nest density on breeding success in a colony of Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Colonial Waterbirds 13(1): 41–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/1521419

[43] Serota MW, Alarcón PA, Donadio E, Middleton AD (2023) Puma predation on Magellanic penguins: an unexpected terrestrial-marine linkage in patagonia. Food Webs 36:e00290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00290

[44] Serota MW, Connor T, Xu W, Alarcón PAE, Donadio E, Middleton AD (2025) A marine subsidy reshapes the ecology of a large terrestrial carnivore. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 292: 20252172. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.2172

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