El Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus) en Misiones, Argentina: distribución, abundancia, hábitat, comportamiento de caza y conservación

Alejandro Bodrati; Facundo Di Sallo

doi:10.56178/na.v71i.1182

Articles Published 21 May 2026 https://doi.org/10.56178/na.v71i.1182

Tiny Hawk (Microspizias superciliosus) in Misiones, Argentina: distribution, abundance, habitat, predatory behaviour, and conservation

Atlantic forest conservation habitat Microspizias superciliosus Stephanoxis loddigesii Trochilidae

Alejandro Bodrati Proyecto Selva de Pino Paraná, San Pedro (3352), Misiones, Argentina

Facundo Di Sallo Proyecto Selva de Pino Paraná, San Pedro (3352), Misiones, Argentina | Instituto de Biología Subtropical, CONICET- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales (Universidad Nacional de Misiones), Tres Fronteras 183, Puerto Iguazú (3370), Misiones, Argentina

Abstract

In Argentina, the Tiny Hawk (Microspizias superciliosus) is considered “Endangered”. Its distribution range is thought to include the center and northern part of Misiones Province. Since its first inclusion in the Argentine avifauna in 1904, more than 90 years passed before concrete and accessible evidence was known. Here, we present 77 records from 33 localities and provide a review of the current knowledge of the species in Argentina. Low population density seems to be the main factor behind its rarity in Argentina, as is the case across its broader range in South and Central America. As in other areas of its distribution, the species appears to stalk and capture trochilids, although its diet includes little birds and insects. We infer that the Tiny Hawk´s tolerance of degraded environments suggests that, in the short term, it is unlikely to face a critical conservation situation in Misiones, despite being a naturally rare species.

PDF (Spanish)

References

Baigorria J (2014) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/registro.php?id=159339 Accedido el 29/3/2026
Bencke GA (2010) New and significant bird records from Rio Grande do Sul, with comments on biogeography and conservation of the southern Brazilian avifauna. Iheringia 100(4): 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000400014
Bertoni A de W (1904) Contribución para el conocimiento de las Aves del Paraguay. Anales Científicos Paraguayos 3: 1–10
Berryman AJ, Kirwan GM (2021) Is the Tiny Hawk (Accipiter superciliosus) really a specialized predator on hummingbirds? Using citizen science data to elucidate dietary preferences of a little know Neotropical raptor. Journal Raptor Research 55(2): 276-280. https://doi.org/10.3356/0892-1016-55.2.276
Bierregaard RO, Kirwan GM (2022) Tiny Hawk (Microspizias superciliosus), version 1.1. In Birds of the World, SM Billerman, Sly ND (eds). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.tinhaw1.01.1
BirdLife International (2020) Species technical sheet: Tiny Hawk Accipiter superciliosus https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/tiny-hawk-accipiter-superciliosus. Accedido el 25/6/2025
Bodrati A, Cockle K, Segovia JM, Roesler I, Areta JI, Jordan E (2010) La avifauna del Parque Provincial Cruce Caballero, provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Cotinga 32: 41–64
Bodrati A, Areta JI, White E (2012) La avifauna de la posada y reserva Puerto Bemberg, Misiones, Argentina. Nuestras Aves 57: 63–79. https://doi.org/10.56178/na.vi57.370
Bodrati A, Di Sallo FG, Fariña N, Juncosa Polzella A, Moresco GD, Cockle KL (2024) Estatus de la lechucita canela (Aegolius harrisii) en el noreste argentino: distribución, vocalización, comportamiento, hábitat y abundancia. Nuestras Aves 69:67–86. https://doi.org/10.56178/na.vi69.1049
Cardil A, de-Miguel S, Silva CA, Reich PB, Calkin D, Brancalion PHS, C Vibrans AC, Gamarra JGP, Zhou M, Pijanowski BR, Hui C, Crowther TW, Hérault B, Piotto D, Salas-Eljatib C, Broadbent EN, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Picard N, Aragão LEOC, Bastin JF, Routh D, van den Hoogen J, Peri PL, Jingjing L (2020) Recent deforestation drove the spike in Amazon fires. Environmental Research Letters 15:121003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abcac7
Carrano E, Straube FC (2014) Sobre a distribuição e conservação de Accipiter superciliosus (Linnaeus, 1766) no estado do Paraná. Atualidades Ornitológicas 177: 33–39
Carriker MA Jr (1910) An annotated list of the birds of Costa Rica. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 6: 314–915.
Chebez JC (2009) Otros que se van. Especies en peligro. Editorial Albatros, Buenos Aires
Chebez JC, Rey NR, Babarskas M, Di Giacomo AG (1998) Las aves de los parques nacionales de la Argentina. Administración de Parques Nacionales y Asociación Ornitológica del Plata. Monografía Especial L.O.L.A. Buenos Aires
Cockle KL, Trzcinski MK, Wiebe KL, Edworthy AB, Martin K. (2019) Lifetime productivity of tree cavities used by cavity-nesting animals in temperate and subtropical forests. Ecological Applications 29(5): e01916. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1916
Constable H, Guralnick R., Wieczorek J, Spencer C, Peterson AT, VertNet Steering Committee (2010) VertNet: a new model for biodiversity data sharing. PLoS Biology, 8(2): e1000309. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000309
Costa TVV, Vargas CF (2011) Tiny Hawk Accipiter superciliosus attacking a Golden-green Woodpecker Piculus chrysochloros in central Amazonian Brazil. Cotinga 33:134–136
Costanzo N (2022) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S114473394 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025
de la Peña MR (2023) Aves Argentinas: Descripción, comportamiento, reproducción y distribución. Comunicaciones del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Florentino Ameghino” (Nueva Serie), 7: 1–596
Doumecq Milleu R (2006) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S37135191 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025
eBird (2026) eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York (URL: http://www.ebird.org). Accedido el 29/03/2026
EcoRegistros (2026) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus) ficha de especie. Accedido de http://www.ecoregistros.org. Accedido el 29/03/2026
Ferguson-Lees J, Christie DA (2001) Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK
Freile JF (2004) Range extensions and other noteworthy and new bird records from mainland Ecuador. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 124(3):188–202
Fuenzalida TR, Angulo F (2022) Nesting records of the Tiny Hawk (Accipiter superciliosus) in eastern Peru. Ornitología Neotropical 33(1): 39–43. https://doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v33i1.945
González AS (2021) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/imagen.php?id=443094. Accedido el 29/3/2026
Hilty SL, Brown WL (1986) A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA
Juliano R (2015) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/imagen.php?id=95329. Accedido el 29/3/2026
Kocum A (2008) Phylogenie der Accipitriformes (Greifvo¨gel) anhand verschiedener nuklearer und mitochondrialer DNA-Sequenzen. Vogelwarte 46: 141–143
Krauczuk ER, Baldo JD (2004) Contribuição para o conhecimento da avifauna de um fragmento de floresta com araucária em Misiones, Argentina. Atualidades Ornitológicas 119: 6
Marín AM, Carrión JMB, Sibley FC (1992) New distributional records for Ecuadorian birds. Ornitología Neotropical 3(1): 27–34
Márquez J, Moya S, Concari R, del Castillo M (2022) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S145276507 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025
Martínez del Río C (1992) Great Shrike-Tyrant predation on a Green-backed Firecrown. The Wilson Bulletin 104(2): 368–369
MAyDS, AA, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, Aves Argentina (2017) Categorización de las Aves de la Argentina (2015). Informe del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación y de Aves Argentinas, edición electrónica. CABA, Argentina
Mazar Barnett J, Pearman M (2001) Lista comentada de las aves argentinas. Lynx Editions. Barcelona
Militello ER (2005) Presencia del esparvero chico (Accipiter superciliosus) en el Parque Nacional Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina. Nuestras Aves 49: 23–24. https://doi.org/10.56178/na.vi49.530
Motz G (2026) Vertebrate Zoology Division - Ornithology, Yale Peabody Museum. Yale University Peabody Museum. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/h25uz7 accessed via GBIF.org on 2026-03-29. https://gbif.org/occurrence/1039619295. Accedido 29/3/2026
Moya S (2017) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/registro.php?id=635734. Accedido el 29/3/2026
Moya S (2018) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S70718313 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025
Moya S (2022) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/imagen.php?id=495908 Accedido el 29/3/2026
Moya S, Concari R, del Castillo M (2022) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S112519684 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025
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Olrog CC (1963) Lista y distribución de las aves argentinas. Opera Lilloana 9: 1–377
Olrog CC (1979) Nueva lista de la avifauna argentina. Opera Lilloana 27: 1–324
Olrog CC (1985) Status of wet forest raptors in northern Argentina. En Newton I, Chancellor RA (eds) Conservation studies on raptors. ICBP Technical Publication 5, Cambridge, UK, pp 191–197
Olson SL (2006) Reflections on the systematics of Accipiter and the genus for Falco superciliosus Linnaeus. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 126: 69–70
Ordano MA, Bosisio AC (2001) Catálogo de las aves del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Florentino Ameghino”de Santa Fe, Argentina. Serie Catálogos 7, Santa Fe
Pearman M, Areta JI (2020) Birds of Argentina and the South-west Atlantic. Helm, London
Pizo MA (2012) Lek behavior of the Plovercrest (Stephanoxis lalandi, Trochilidae). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124: 106–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/11-055.1
Robinson SK (1994) Habitat selection and foraging ecology of raptors in Amazonian Peru. Biotropica 26:443–458. https://doi.org/10.2307/2389239
Roth TC, Lima SL (2007) The predatory behavior of wintering Accipiter hawks: Temporal patterns in activity of predators and prey. Oecologia 152(1): 169–178
Ruzak M (2022) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S104725543 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025
Saibene C, Castelino M, Rey N, Herrera J, Calo J (1996) Inventario de las aves del Parque Nacional Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina. L.O.L.A., Buenos Aires
Seipke SH (2022) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S104524764 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025
Seipke SH, Cabanne GS (2002) Rapaces observadas en un área selvática de San Pedro, Misiones, Argentina. Ornitologia Neotropical 13(3): 273–282
Sick H (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira. Editora Nova Fronteira. Rio de Janeiro
Stiles FG (1978) Possible specialization for hummingbird-hunting in the Tiny Hawk. The Auk 95: 550–553
VertNet (2025) National Science Foundation http://www.vertnet.org/index.html Accedido el 29/03/2026
Vidoz JQ, Rycenga J, Dykes D, Riese J, Macres P, Hoyer R (2018) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S115920750 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025
Wetmore A (1965) The birds of the Republic of Panamá: Part 1 - Tinamidae (Tinamous) to Rynchopidae (Skimmers). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 150: 1–483
Wioneczak MJ (2018) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/imagen.php?id=302874. Accedido el 29/3/2026
Xeno-Canto Foundation (2025) Xeno-canto Foundation, Amsterdam. https://www.xenocanto.org. Accedido el 29/03/2026

How to cite

Alejandro Bodrati, Facundo Di Sallo (2026). Tiny Hawk (Microspizias superciliosus) in Misiones, Argentina: distribution, abundance, habitat, predatory behaviour, and conservation. Nuestras Aves, Vol. 71 (2026). https://doi.org/10.56178/na.v71i.1182

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[1] Baigorria J (2014) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/registro.php?id=159339 Accedido el 29/3/2026

[2] Bencke GA (2010) New and significant bird records from Rio Grande do Sul, with comments on biogeography and conservation of the southern Brazilian avifauna. Iheringia 100(4): 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212010000400014

[3] Bertoni A de W (1904) Contribución para el conocimiento de las Aves del Paraguay. Anales Científicos Paraguayos 3: 1–10

[4] Berryman AJ, Kirwan GM (2021) Is the Tiny Hawk (Accipiter superciliosus) really a specialized predator on hummingbirds? Using citizen science data to elucidate dietary preferences of a little know Neotropical raptor. Journal Raptor Research 55(2): 276-280. https://doi.org/10.3356/0892-1016-55.2.276

[5] Bierregaard RO, Kirwan GM (2022) Tiny Hawk (Microspizias superciliosus), version 1.1. In Birds of the World, SM Billerman, Sly ND (eds). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.tinhaw1.01.1

[6] BirdLife International (2020) Species technical sheet: Tiny Hawk Accipiter superciliosus https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/tiny-hawk-accipiter-superciliosus. Accedido el 25/6/2025

[7] Bodrati A, Cockle K, Segovia JM, Roesler I, Areta JI, Jordan E (2010) La avifauna del Parque Provincial Cruce Caballero, provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Cotinga 32: 41–64

[8] Bodrati A, Areta JI, White E (2012) La avifauna de la posada y reserva Puerto Bemberg, Misiones, Argentina. Nuestras Aves 57: 63–79. https://doi.org/10.56178/na.vi57.370

[9] Bodrati A, Di Sallo FG, Fariña N, Juncosa Polzella A, Moresco GD, Cockle KL (2024) Estatus de la lechucita canela (Aegolius harrisii) en el noreste argentino: distribución, vocalización, comportamiento, hábitat y abundancia. Nuestras Aves 69:67–86. https://doi.org/10.56178/na.vi69.1049

[10] Cardil A, de-Miguel S, Silva CA, Reich PB, Calkin D, Brancalion PHS, C Vibrans AC, Gamarra JGP, Zhou M, Pijanowski BR, Hui C, Crowther TW, Hérault B, Piotto D, Salas-Eljatib C, Broadbent EN, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Picard N, Aragão LEOC, Bastin JF, Routh D, van den Hoogen J, Peri PL, Jingjing L (2020) Recent deforestation drove the spike in Amazon fires. Environmental Research Letters 15:121003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abcac7

[11] Carrano E, Straube FC (2014) Sobre a distribuição e conservação de Accipiter superciliosus (Linnaeus, 1766) no estado do Paraná. Atualidades Ornitológicas 177: 33–39

[12] Carriker MA Jr (1910) An annotated list of the birds of Costa Rica. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 6: 314–915.

[13] Chebez JC (2009) Otros que se van. Especies en peligro. Editorial Albatros, Buenos Aires

[14] Chebez JC, Rey NR, Babarskas M, Di Giacomo AG (1998) Las aves de los parques nacionales de la Argentina. Administración de Parques Nacionales y Asociación Ornitológica del Plata. Monografía Especial L.O.L.A. Buenos Aires

[15] Cockle KL, Trzcinski MK, Wiebe KL, Edworthy AB, Martin K. (2019) Lifetime productivity of tree cavities used by cavity-nesting animals in temperate and subtropical forests. Ecological Applications 29(5): e01916. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1916

[16] Constable H, Guralnick R., Wieczorek J, Spencer C, Peterson AT, VertNet Steering Committee (2010) VertNet: a new model for biodiversity data sharing. PLoS Biology, 8(2): e1000309. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000309

[17] Costa TVV, Vargas CF (2011) Tiny Hawk Accipiter superciliosus attacking a Golden-green Woodpecker Piculus chrysochloros in central Amazonian Brazil. Cotinga 33:134–136

[18] Costanzo N (2022) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S114473394 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025

[19] de la Peña MR (2023) Aves Argentinas: Descripción, comportamiento, reproducción y distribución. Comunicaciones del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Florentino Ameghino” (Nueva Serie), 7: 1–596

[20] Doumecq Milleu R (2006) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S37135191 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025

[21] eBird (2026) eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York (URL: http://www.ebird.org). Accedido el 29/03/2026

[22] EcoRegistros (2026) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus) ficha de especie. Accedido de http://www.ecoregistros.org. Accedido el 29/03/2026

[23] Ferguson-Lees J, Christie DA (2001) Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK

[24] Freile JF (2004) Range extensions and other noteworthy and new bird records from mainland Ecuador. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 124(3):188–202

[25] Fuenzalida TR, Angulo F (2022) Nesting records of the Tiny Hawk (Accipiter superciliosus) in eastern Peru. Ornitología Neotropical 33(1): 39–43. https://doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v33i1.945

[26] González AS (2021) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/imagen.php?id=443094. Accedido el 29/3/2026

[27] Hilty SL, Brown WL (1986) A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA

[28] Juliano R (2015) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/imagen.php?id=95329. Accedido el 29/3/2026

[29] Kocum A (2008) Phylogenie der Accipitriformes (Greifvo¨gel) anhand verschiedener nuklearer und mitochondrialer DNA-Sequenzen. Vogelwarte 46: 141–143

[30] Krauczuk ER, Baldo JD (2004) Contribuição para o conhecimento da avifauna de um fragmento de floresta com araucária em Misiones, Argentina. Atualidades Ornitológicas 119: 6

[31] Marín AM, Carrión JMB, Sibley FC (1992) New distributional records for Ecuadorian birds. Ornitología Neotropical 3(1): 27–34

[32] Márquez J, Moya S, Concari R, del Castillo M (2022) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S145276507 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025

[33] Martínez del Río C (1992) Great Shrike-Tyrant predation on a Green-backed Firecrown. The Wilson Bulletin 104(2): 368–369

[34] MAyDS, AA, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, Aves Argentina (2017) Categorización de las Aves de la Argentina (2015). Informe del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación y de Aves Argentinas, edición electrónica. CABA, Argentina

[35] Mazar Barnett J, Pearman M (2001) Lista comentada de las aves argentinas. Lynx Editions. Barcelona

[36] Militello ER (2005) Presencia del esparvero chico (Accipiter superciliosus) en el Parque Nacional Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina. Nuestras Aves 49: 23–24. https://doi.org/10.56178/na.vi49.530

[37] Motz G (2026) Vertebrate Zoology Division - Ornithology, Yale Peabody Museum. Yale University Peabody Museum. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/h25uz7 accessed via GBIF.org on 2026-03-29. https://gbif.org/occurrence/1039619295. Accedido 29/3/2026

[38] Moya S (2017) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/registro.php?id=635734. Accedido el 29/3/2026

[39] Moya S (2018) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S70718313 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025

[40] Moya S (2022) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/imagen.php?id=495908 Accedido el 29/3/2026

[41] Moya S, Concari R, del Castillo M (2022) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S112519684 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025

[42] Navas JR, Bo NA (1991) Aves nuevas o poco conocidas de Misiones, Argentina IV. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 15: 93–106

[43] Olrog CC (1963) Lista y distribución de las aves argentinas. Opera Lilloana 9: 1–377

[44] Olrog CC (1979) Nueva lista de la avifauna argentina. Opera Lilloana 27: 1–324

[45] Olrog CC (1985) Status of wet forest raptors in northern Argentina. En Newton I, Chancellor RA (eds) Conservation studies on raptors. ICBP Technical Publication 5, Cambridge, UK, pp 191–197

[46] Olson SL (2006) Reflections on the systematics of Accipiter and the genus for Falco superciliosus Linnaeus. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 126: 69–70

[47] Ordano MA, Bosisio AC (2001) Catálogo de las aves del Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Florentino Ameghino”de Santa Fe, Argentina. Serie Catálogos 7, Santa Fe

[48] Pearman M, Areta JI (2020) Birds of Argentina and the South-west Atlantic. Helm, London

[49] Pizo MA (2012) Lek behavior of the Plovercrest (Stephanoxis lalandi, Trochilidae). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124: 106–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/11-055.1

[50] Robinson SK (1994) Habitat selection and foraging ecology of raptors in Amazonian Peru. Biotropica 26:443–458. https://doi.org/10.2307/2389239

[51] Roth TC, Lima SL (2007) The predatory behavior of wintering Accipiter hawks: Temporal patterns in activity of predators and prey. Oecologia 152(1): 169–178

[52] Ruzak M (2022) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S104725543 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025

[53] Saibene C, Castelino M, Rey N, Herrera J, Calo J (1996) Inventario de las aves del Parque Nacional Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina. L.O.L.A., Buenos Aires

[54] Seipke SH (2022) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S104524764 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025

[55] Seipke SH, Cabanne GS (2002) Rapaces observadas en un área selvática de San Pedro, Misiones, Argentina. Ornitologia Neotropical 13(3): 273–282

[56] Sick H (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira. Editora Nova Fronteira. Rio de Janeiro

[57] Stiles FG (1978) Possible specialization for hummingbird-hunting in the Tiny Hawk. The Auk 95: 550–553

[58] VertNet (2025) National Science Foundation http://www.vertnet.org/index.html Accedido el 29/03/2026

[59] Vidoz JQ, Rycenga J, Dykes D, Riese J, Macres P, Hoyer R (2018) eBird Checklist https://ebird.org/checklist/S115920750 eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Accedido el 29/03/2025

[60] Wetmore A (1965) The birds of the Republic of Panamá: Part 1 - Tinamidae (Tinamous) to Rynchopidae (Skimmers). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 150: 1–483

[61] Wioneczak MJ (2018) Esparvero Chico (Microspizias superciliosus). EcoRegistros: https://www.ecoregistros.org/site/imagen.php?id=302874. Accedido el 29/3/2026

[62] Xeno-Canto Foundation (2025) Xeno-canto Foundation, Amsterdam. https://www.xenocanto.org. Accedido el 29/03/2026